Guides
Under registry policy, no one owns an IP address outright: registries register blocks to holders, and holders reassign them. What the company, ASN, ISP type, and abuse contact on one address each tell you, why they disagree, and how to look them up.
Guides
IP reputation is the record of spam, scans, and attacks tied to an IP address. Here's who writes that record, how long it should last, why shared and reused addresses trip it up, and how to use it without blocking real users.
Guides
A subnet mask splits an IPv4 address into a network part and a host part, and devices use it to decide what's local. Here's the math, worked examples, every mask from /0 to /32, and what prefix lengths mean in real IP data.
Guides
IP threat intelligence tells you what an address is and what has come from it. See how VPN, proxy, Tor, relay, bot, and attacker signals differ, and how to act on them without turning away good users.
Guides
IP intelligence is the data attached to an IP address: location, threat signals, network, ownership, and abuse contacts. It explains where each layer comes from, why one IP's company and ASN can differ, and where the data ends.
Guides
A regional internet registry (RIR) hands out the IP addresses and AS numbers a region runs on. Here are the five RIRs, where each one operates, how IANA and LIRs fit around them, and why the answer shows up every time you run a WHOIS lookup.
Guides
The real client IP is easy to get wrong behind a proxy or CDN. Here is how X-Forwarded-For, X-Real-IP, and CF-Connecting-IP work, which one to trust in each setup, and how to read the real IP without getting spoofed.
Guides
IP enrichment turns raw IP addresses in your server logs into useful context – geolocation, ASN, company, and threat data. This guide covers what enrichment adds, when to use an API vs. a local database, and how to implement both with production-ready Python and Node.js code.
Guides
An ISP, or Internet Service Provider, is the company that gives you access to the internet and an ASN is a number that identifies one of the networks an ISP runs on the internet.
Guides
Unicast, broadcast, multicast, and anycast are four ways network traffic reaches its destination. This guide covers how each one works, when to use it, and how anycast routing affects IP geolocation accuracy.
Guides
Learn how to set up geo redirects that route website visitors to localized pages based on their country. Includes JavaScript and PHP code, SEO guidance, and best practices.
Guides
A developer guide to blocking visitors by country, with working code in JavaScript, Python, and PHP, honest trade-offs between CDN, WAF, DNS, and application-level enforcement, and a real treatment of VPN and proxy bypass.